“What particular issues might arise around the issue of minors or vulnerable persons? - Are minors being excluded from the study because of the difficulties of getting ethical permission to study them? - In situations where identity, age, and ability of the participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. is unknown or hidden, and harm cannot be determined as an a priori category based on known vulnerability of participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. , how will harm be considered as an ethical concern and operationalized in the study? - How are minors identified as ‘minors’ in contexts where demographic information is not required? What harm might result from asking (or not asking) for participants to reveal their age? - How will parental or guardian consent be obtained in addition to assent where required by research regulations? What risks might arise in this particular consent process? (for any or all parties, including the minor, the parents, and the researcher)?” (Markham and Buchanan, 2012, p. 11)