Assessing risks of harms and benefits may be challenging both in advance of, and over the course of, research projects involving technology-mediated researcher- participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. relationships. This challenge is true both for the participants (or data subjects), and for potential harms to researchers (E.g. through exposure to harmful content).Challenges in assessing benefits and harms include uncertainties regarding:- the participants and their individual and group circumstances- platforms and the assumptions users may make regarding other's access to their data- emergent harms that would be managed through stakeholder involvement where direct interaction with participants was a feature of research - scope and operationalisation of harms where researchers and participants may have different concepts of harm or risk - the nature of content being collected and analysed, or/and of network structures in which researchers are engaged, where this may expose researchers to harmful content or other risks.(adapted from Markham and Buchanan, 2012, p. 10-11, see strategies)