“What are the potential harms or risks associated with this study? - What is the potential harm or risk for individuals, for online communities, for researchers, for research?- Are risks being assessed throughout the study as well as in advance of the study? (Harm is only certain after it occurs. Thus, a priori assessments of risk might be useful but inadequate). - How are the concepts of ‘vulnerability’ and ‘harm’ being defined and operationalized in the study? How are risks to the community/author/ participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. being assessed? - How is vulnerability determined in contexts where this categorization may not be apparent? - Would a mismatch between researcher and community/ participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. /author definitions of ‘harm’ or ‘vulnerability’ create an ethical dilemma? If so, how would this be addressed? - What harms--to life, to career, to reputation--may occur from the research? (e.g., would the research “out” an LGBTQ individual who is not publicly out and perhaps cause them to lose their jobs? Would the research cause someone to face criminal or civil penalties?) - What possible privacy-related harms may occur? For example, might online groups disband or individuals cease to use an online support group or withdraw from blogging activities because of the presence of researchers; Might individuals be upset that their perceived privacy has been violated; might individuals object to having their writing or speech anonymised, preferring to remain known and public in any published results? - Who or what else could cause harm to the author/ participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. beyond the researcher?- Are we acting in ways that minimizes risk? - Does our research adequately protect the researcher as well as the community/author/ participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. ?"(Markham and Buchanan, 2012, p. 10-11)