Research involving naturalistic interventions shifts some ethical considerations as compared to experimental studies. These approaches include 'nudge', pedagogic interventions in classrooms, other forms of design based research or action research, etc. In these cases there are key considerations including:- The opportunity costs of introducing any new elements into the environment (i.e., asking participants to do something is a resource commitment that could be 'spent' otherwise), and the benefits of this cost to the participants vs the research- The benefits of 'participation' - Any risks in using naturalistic data, where some controls that may be used in more standard settings are not available (e.g., deidentifying naturalistic texts is significantly more challenging than surveys in which no identifiers are ever collected) - Any risks to participants/ participant we use participant to refer to those choosing to participate in research, those where consent-waivers may be in place or where some stakeholders may fulfil participant-researcher roles (e.g., teachers), and those 'data subjects' whose data is used in research often without their knowledge. groups of the research, for example if the work indicates particular challenges faced by participants/groups, how will this be reported; how might participants be exposed to this reporting (and how might they be able to learn from the findings)?